Issue 52

B. Paermentier et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 52 (2020) 105-112; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.52.09 106 conservative predictions since the fracture toughness does not change in proportion to the increasing wall thickness, as has been reported in [5]. In contrast, the DWTT is able to test a full wall thickness specimen which avoided the need for extrapolation. The specimen height increased from 10 mm to 76.2 mm and the length increased from 55 mm to 305 mm. The main differences between the CVN and DWTT test are the larger impacting mass, the larger specimen geometry, and the different striker geometry of the latter. In general, materials are tested using the DWTT and the Shear Area (SA) criterion is applied to qualify for pipeline applications. However, with the transition to high-grade pipeline steels, issues such as inverse fracture were introduced [6]. Inverse fracture is a phenomenon where a cleavage fracture is initiated in the region impacted by the striker. In the DT3, an even larger specimen with a height of 250 mm and length of 685 mm undergoes a tensile load similar to the in-service pipeline conditions. Numerical modelling approaches are often applied to complement extensive testing campaigns. Based on these correlations, damage models can be validated and/or calibrated in order to be implemented in more complex simulations. The Gurson- Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) model [7, 8] is a well-known and widely applied damage model to simulate dynamic ductile fracture propagation. Due to the limited parameter set, it is often used in industry. Throughout the development of lab-scale fracture toughness experiments, specimen sizes have been steadily increasing. In this paper the application of the GTN damage model for dynamic fracture propagation in different specimen scales is investigated. The fracture toughness simulations are applied on two high-strength pipeline materials, namely X70 and X100, with different plastic behaviour. The results of the numerical models are used to construct a force-displacement curve to compare experimental data with numerical predictions. GTND AMAGE M ODEL he physical phenomenon of ductile damage can be described using the mechanisms of void nucleation, void growth, and void coalescence [7, 8]. Due to the limited parameter set, the GTN model has become widely used to model ductile damage behaviour. Based on these mechanisms, the strain based GTN model considers a weakening effect as the plastic deformation increases. The constitutive relations describes the plastic potential  as a function of the yield stress yld  , and the effective porosity * f . 2 2 2 1 2 1 3 2 * cosh 1 * 0 2 eq hyd yld yld q f q q f                           (1) In which 1 q , 2 q and 3 q are constitutive material parameters with 2 3 1 q q  , hyd  is the hydrostatic stress, and eq  is the equivalent stress. The effective porosity * f in the equation above is defined as:     * c F c c c c F F c F F f if f f f f f f f f if f f f f f f if f f                (2) In this definition, the effective void volume fraction * f , is a function of the void volume fraction f . The critical void volume fraction c f , indicates the onset of void coalescence and parameter F f represents the void volume fraction at final failure. Constant 1 1 F f q  is the maximum reachable value of the void volume fraction. The evolution of void volume fraction, f  , can be considered as a combination of existing void growth, growth f  , and nucleation of new voids, nucleation f  . growth nucleation f f f      (3) T