Issue 30

D. Taylor, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 30 (2014) 1-6; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.30.01 6 These findings are of importance because we believe that the fatigue failure of these cellular processes, at the point where they span an open crack in the bone matrix, could be a crucial step in the complex system by which fatigue cracks in bone are repaired, ensuring the continued integrity of the skeleton. C ONCLUDING REMARKS here are perhaps two different reasons for engaging in the type of research described above. The first is simple curiosity. It has been fascinating to discover how Nature solves the same problems of structural integrity as those faced by engineering designers and materials scientists. The second reason is that in this way, inspiration may be provided to create new, biomimetic materials and structures. Nature’s materials are, in many ways, not as good as modern engineering materials. They tend to have lower fracture toughness values and to suffer from fatigue at least as much. But Nature has evolved some clever strategies to overcome these limitations – strategies such as self-repair and the use of functionally graded materials – so that keeping an eye on Nature may help us to create new, better solutions for engineering applications. A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS e are grateful to Science Foundation Ireland and to the Irish Research Council for financial support. R EFERENCES [1] Dirks, J.-H., Taylor, D., Veins improve fracture toughness of insect wings, PLoS ONE, 7(8) (2012) e43411. [2] Taylor, D., The Theory of Critical Distances: A New Perspective in Fracture Mechanics, Elsevier, Oxford, UK (2007). [3] Mitch, D., Harries, K. A., Sharma, B., Characterisation of splitting behavour of bamboo culms, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 22 (2010) 1195-1199. [4] Amada, S., Untao, S., Fracture properties of bamboo, Composites Part B: Engineering, 32 (2001) 451-459. [5] Taylor, D., Hazenberg, J. G., Lee, T. C., Living with Cracks: Damage and Repair in Human Bone, Nature Materials, 2 (2007) 263-268. [6] Dirks, J. H., Parle, E., Taylor, D., Fatigue of insect cuticle, Journal of Experimental Biology, 216(10) (2013) 1924- 1927. [7] Klein-Nulend, J., Bacabac, R. G., Mullender, M. G., Mechanobiology of bone tissue, Pathologie Biologie, 53(10) (2005) 576-580. [8] Dooley, C., Cafferky, D., Lee, T. C., Taylor, D., Fatigue failure of osteocyte cellular processes: implications for the repair of bone, European Cells and Materials, 27(2014) 39-49. T W