Issue 30

E. T. Bowman, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 30 (2014) 7-13; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.30.02 7 Focussed on: Fracture and Structural Integrity related Issues Dynamic rock fragmentation: thresholds for long runout rock avalanches E.T. Bowman University of Sheffield e.bowman@sheffield.ac.uk A BSTRACT . The dynamic fragmentation of rock within rock avalanches is examined using the fragmentation concepts introduced by Grady and co-workers. The analyses use typical material values for weak chalk and limestone in order to determine theoretical strain rate thresholds for dynamic fragmentation and resulting fragment sizes. These are found to compare favourably with data obtained from field observations of long runout rock avalanches and chalk cliff collapses in spite of the simplicity of the approach used. The results provide insight as to the energy requirements to develop long runout behaviour and hence may help to explain the observed similarities between large rock avalanches and much smaller scale chalk cliff collapses as seen in Europe. K EYWORDS . Flow; Dynamic fragmentation; Rock avalanche; Strain rate. I NTRODUCTION arge rock avalanches present a serious mountain hazard, however, there is a still considerable debate over the mechanisms of their collapse and transport. Due to the size and temporal unpredictability of rock avalanches there is currently no possibility to militate against their effects other than by infrastructure planning. As a result, the extremely long travel distances and high velocities that may be attained is of great concern to hazard modellers and engineers. Understanding the mechanical processes that govern rock avalanche behaviour may lead to better predictive modelling. This paper discusses dynamic rock fragmentation which is thought to play a major role in the high transport mobility of rock avalanches. Large terrestrial rock avalanches generally comprise volumes of order 0.01 - 500 million m 3 , covering areas from 1 - 500 km 2 , and initial potential energies between 10 14 – 10 18 J [1]. They also have a fall height to length ratio (the tangent of which is known as the “farboschung angle”) that is a reducing function of volume [2]. A method to characterize the size dependence of rock avalanche mobility is the “spreading efficiency” defined as the ratio of runout length to the cube root of volume (L/V 1/3 ), which has been show to vary from 6-10 [3]. In comparison, simple small scale experiments in which dry sand or rock blocks have been released to flow down a slope, generally produce spreading efficiencies of 1.5-3 [3]. The value is much lower than found for field scale rock avalanches, implying a much lower mobility for small experimental flows. Equally significantly, this value has not been found to increase with volume which suggests that potential energy is not so important for the emplacement of these small flows. One promising hypothesis for the extraordinary mobility of large rock avalanches involves the process of dynamic fragmentation of rock and how this may lead to a reduced frictional resistance within the mass [4, 5]. L