Issue 46

M. L. Puppio et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 46 (2016) 190-202; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.46.18 190 Design of Civil Environmental Engineering Failure evidences of reduced span bridges in case of extreme rainfalls The case of Livorno Mario Lucio Puppio, Sara Novelli University of Pisa, Italy m.puppio@ing.unipi.it, ingsara.novelli@gmail.com Mauro Sassu University of Cagliari, Italy msassu@unica.it A BSTRACT . The heavy rainfalls occurring in Italy in the last few years focused the attention on the vulnerability of the land and the related infrastructures. Critical situations involving losses of human life and deterioration or failure of relevant structures are frequent. These events were due to: (1) improper land-use; (2) aging of infrastructures, (3) insufficient maintenance and protection; (4) climate changes causing rainstorms similar to tropical events. The failure of small bridges in road networks plays a key role in this sense. The present paper aims to analyse the behaviour of small bridges during rainfalls or floods. In particular, the recent case of Livorno is analysed. The Italian territory has about 460.000 small bridges, mostly designed without the support of technical codes or a proper interaction between the hydraulic and structural aspects. A large part of them can be submerged by water flows during rainfalls and pushed by unexpected actions. The failure scenarios allow identifying the hydraulic and structural vulnerabilities through a specific survey. A classification of small bridges on the basis of submergibility indexes is eventually proposed. K EYWORDS . Small bridges; Structural and hydraulic assessment; Road network safety; Livorno flood. Citation: Puppio, M. L., Novelli, S., Sassu, M., Failure evidences of reduced span bridges in case of extreme rainfalls, The case of Livorno, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 46 (2018) 190-202. Received: 13.06.2018 Accepted: 16.09.2018 Published: 01.10.2018 Copyright: © 2018 This is an open access article under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. I NTRODUCTION he recent changes in the Mediterranean climate have highlighted the vulnerability of the Italian territory to slides, floods, overflows [1, 2] and other damaging scenarios connected to meteorological variables [3–5]. Considering the mere rainfall variable a double effect can be noticed: (1) the higher annual average of precipitations and (2) the increasing occurrence of intense phenomena concentrated in small areas. Days with intense precipitations T