Issue 53

C. Navarro et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 53 (2020) 337-344; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.53.26 340 Considering the large effect of roughness on fatigue, it was measured in all specimens produced. The surface roughness of all specimens was measured by the contact stylus arm with a RC filter technique, using a Mitutoyo Surftest 501 series 178 equipment. The probe tip radius was 5 μ m and the evaluation length used to obtain R t was 12.5 mm. Table 1 shows the average roughness measured in axial direction (Z) for each group as well as the standard deviation of the measurements carried out in the six specimens of each group. It can be seen that shot peening reduces to almost one third the original roughness, while CASE divides by two the roughness produced by the previous shot peening. Actually, the objective of CASE is to eliminate almost all peaks while maintain troughs, and that is why reduces R a and R t to 50%, approximately. It can be also seen that laser peening, producing a more uniform overpressure on a larger area of the surface for each laser pulse, barely changes the original roughness. AS BUILT SP SP+CASE LP HIP R a (µm) 11.7  1.0 4.6  2.4 2.7  0.3 10.2  1.9 9.8  1.1 R t (µm) 97.5  11.8 38.6  18.6 19.7  3.4 89.2  15.3 77.9  12.3 Table 1: Average surface roughness of specimens groups after treatments and standard deviation. Shot peening and laser peening treatments improve the fatigue strength close to the surface but not in the interior [23,24]. Thus, they are useful especially in case of stress gradients close to the surface, like bending, notches or fretting fatigue. Having this into account, all tests in this work have been carried out in four point bending. Figure 2 shows the specimen and loading system in one of these tests, where h = 10 mm, L = 70 mm and t = 15 mm. Test frequency was 8 Hz, and stress ratio, R = 0.1. Results and Discussion Figure 3 shows test fatigue live obtained for all specimens for different stress levels with the lines fitted for every group. Each group is identified with a different symbol, but for each test, the symbol is shown as solid if the failure initiated from the interior and hollow if the failure initiated from the surface. During the initial tests appeared some problems that invalidated two tests. That is why there are only four test results for the AS BUILT treatment. To facilitate the comparison with other data from the literature, the stress amplitude is represented by  eff , which is the equivalent maximum stress for a stress ratio R = - 1. To obtain  eff , the expression proposed by Walker (equation 1) [25,26] was used to transform the results of tests carried out with R = 0,1 to the equivalent maximum stress with R = -1. In equation 1, the exponent should be fitted for each material and Figure 2: Four point bending tests setup. 0.28 1 2 eff max R          (1) and  max is the maximum stress applied in tests with R = 0.1. In the present case a value of 0.28 was used for the exponent, according to experimental results obtained for conventionally fabricated T16Al4V specimens and uniaxially tested with stress ratios ranging from R = -0.5 to R = 0.5 [27]