Issue 51

C. Ferrero et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 51 (2020) 92-114; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.51.08 93 I NTRODUCTION ecent and past earthquakes have shown that unreinforced masonry buildings are prone to damage by seismic actions. The seismic assessment of such structures, especially historical ones, is a very demanding task since their response may be affected by several factors, such as masonry mechanical behavior, complex structural and geometric arrangement, connections between diverse structural components and flexibility of horizontal diaphragms [1]. Nowadays several methods are available in the literature for the structural assessment of existing masonry buildings, from simple analytical methods to more advanced numerical methods such as Finite elements and Discrete elements [2]. Recently, numerical modeling strategies, such as FE modeling, have been used more and more to study the behavior of masonry structures, even very large and complex ones, thanks to the increase of computational resources. However, as described in [3], many uncertainties arise in the definition of a structural model with respect to geometry, material properties, internal morphology and structural arrangements due to the limited knowledge usually available as well as the lack of extensive experimental tests. Consequently, numerical models need to be validated or calibrated based on empirical evidences in order to prove their capability to simulate realistically the structural response of masonry buildings [3]. When modal parameters are known from dynamic identification tests, a process of model updating can be carried out to match the numerical mode shapes and frequencies with the experimental ones. On the other hand, if the building under consideration experienced some damage due to earthquakes, a further and effective validation of the numerical model can be performed by comparing the numerical damage with the cracking pattern observed in the real structure. This work aimed at assessing the seismic performance of “Pietro Capuzi” school, an unreinforced masonry structure located in the municipality of Visso, in the Marche region, Italy. The school suffered severe and extensive damage due to the 2016- 2017 Central Italy earthquake (also named the Amatrice-Norcia-Visso seismic sequence) and it was demolished in 2018 since a strengthening intervention was considered economically inconvenient. “Pietro Capuzi” school was an excellent case study to investigate the seismic capacity of an existing masonry structure for several reasons. Firstly, the school was part of the public buildings permanently monitored by the Seismic Observatory of Structures (hereafter named OSS). As a result, the entire seismic sequence affecting the school was recorded by the existing system of accelerometers, thus providing valuable information in terms of ground motion and structural seismic performance [4] [5]. Secondly, the inspection and the extensive experimental campaign that were performed in 2010-11 on behalf of the OSS supplied detailed documentation regarding geometry, structural configuration and construction details, and helped with the characterization of material properties [6, 7, 8]. Dynamic identification tests were also carried out in 2010 to identify the dynamic response of the structure [9]. Finally, such documentation, acquired from the OSS [10], was integrated with the information about geometry, structural configuration, past interventions and seismic damage supplied by the Italian Network of University Laboratories in Seismic Engineering (RELUIS) and the University of Genova, in charge of post-earthquake surveys [11]. In addition, the photographic record of the progressive damage experienced by the building during the entire seismic sequence was provided by the Italian Department of Civil Protection [12]. The value of the present paper lies in the use of such detailed data, which are rarely available, for the assessment of the seismic performance of a real building. On one hand, the available information about geometry, construction details and material properties enabled to build an accurate numerical model of the structure, which was adequately calibrated according to the results of past dynamic identification tests. On the other hand, the availability of the ground-motion records at the base of the building allowed to validate the numerical model by comparing the numerical and real damage for the actual seismic input which the structure was subjected to. The paper is organized as follows. Firstly, a description concerning the building, the damage produced by the Amatrice- Norcia-Visso seismic sequence and the permanent monitoring system is provided, derived from the information reported in [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Then, the preparation and updating of the numerical FE model is described, with a focus on the definition of the mechanical properties of materials and diaphragms. Finally, nonlinear static analyses are carried out, and the numerical results obtained in terms of damage pattern and failure mechanisms are compared with the performance exhibited by the structure during the Amatrice-Norcia-Visso seismic sequence. D ESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING Overall configuration and use uilt in the 1930s, "Pietro Capuzi" nursery and primary school (Figure 1) was a stand-alone structure located in the urban area of Visso, in the Marche region. The building had four levels, three of them above ground (raised ground floor, first floor and attic) and a basement partially sub-grade (Figure 2). The three levels above ground had a plan area of approximately 605 m 2 each, whereas the basement had a plan area of approximately 120 m 2 . The basement, raised R B