Issue 49

B. G. N. Muthanna et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 49 (2019) 463-477; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.49.44 468 Figure 7: Effect of elbow radius on maximum Von Mises Stress. radius  < 25 25 <  <85 85<  <450  >450 Admissibility no   >  y ) no   ~  y ) No (F s <2) Yes (F s >2) Stress evolution Decrease Stabilization Decrease Stabilization Table 4: Evaluation of the effect of elbow radius on maximum Von Mises Stress. The effect of elbow radius was also examined according to the maximal values of Von-Mises stress as it shown in Fig. 7. Von Mises stress evolution can be divided into four zones as indicated in Tab. 4. The admissible elbow radius refers to the value of Yield strength of API X52 pipeline steel which is equal to 410 MPa and the traditional safety factor taken as F s = 2. Any bending radius leading to a maximum stress greater than 410 MPa divided by the safety factor is not acceptable for industrial service. As a real case (Fig. 1a), a value of 500 mm of elbow radius was taken in our investigation. For this case: the stress amplification due to the presence of elbow is k t = 1.2. Critical position along elbow ANSYS simulation offers a good way to increase the pipeline efficiency and to prevent the occurrence of corrosion. The presence of high stress in elbow can be considered as a crucial problem depending on elbow angle. Critical zone presented as a red zone in Fig. 6 that is resulting from the internal natural gas pressure. Fig. 8 presents the corresponding distribution of different stresses (Von-Mises, normal stress and principal stress). Fig. 8 indicates that the maximum value of Von-Mises stress is 198.96 MPa. Normal stress  xx and principal stress   have the same value equal to 219.56 MPa. The maximum stress criterion apply to the 3 different stresses gives a maximum stress localization in the same node with an angle α=72°. In the next part, a semi-elliptical crack is introduced with in different angular position along the intrados of elbow (  =5° to  = 85°);  is defined in Fig. 9. The semi-elliptical crack has a relative depth ratio a/t=0.5 and a/c=0.5. In the next figures, the stress intensity factor in mode I as a function of crack tip angle  is presented. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 safety factor 2 IV III II I  y =410 (MPa) Maximum Von Mises stress (MPa) Elbow Radius  (mm)