Issue 30

B. Tyson et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 30 (2014) 95-100; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.30.13 99 As shown in the last row of the table, the calculated and measured initial values agree on average within 2.3%, with a standard deviation of individual estimates of 5.3%. Calculated final values are accurate (i.e. agree with measured values) to within 0.08%, with a standard deviation of individual measurements of 5.3% (fortuitously identical to the standard deviation of initial crack size values). The estimate of crack growth, being the difference between final and initial crack sizes, is more sensitive to errors in size measurement; as shown in the last column, the calculated crack growth is accurate to 94.7% of measured values, with a standard deviation of individual measurements of 10%. It should be noted that a correction for rotation is required to use the UC method for a SE(T) specimen because the alignment of the specimen changes during crack growth. The specimen rotates so that the load line moves closer to the centre of the ligament, and the compliance changes accordingly. A correction factor derived by Shen and Tyson [8] is incorporated in the CANMET procedure [2] and was applied in the round robin. The correction is not large; for a deep crack (a/W≈0.5) the measured compliance is smaller by about 9% when the ligament is fully yielded than it would be for a straight specimen (to which the UC crack size equation applies), and the correction increases the calculated crack size by about 3%. Observation of specimens removed from the testing machine showed that yielding was confined to the ligament; the deduction is that rotation occurred by elastic deformation of the arms of the specimen. C ONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION he principal conclusions of this study are: 1) for SE(T) specimens with H=10W and BxB cross section, the parameters reported by Cravero and Ruggieri [5] represent well the relation between crack size and compliance; and 2) the effective modulus E´ used in the normalized compliance u should be the “plane stress modulus” E. Conclusion 2 is consistent with the approach in ASTM E1820-11e [9], in which E rather than E/(1-ν 2 ) is used in the UC equation for crack size as a function of u in for SE(B) specimens. At first glance it may seem strange that the plane stress modulus should be used for calculations in a test designed to measure the plane strain toughness. However, it is readily appreciated that the compliance is a function of displacements everywhere in the specimen and not just near the crack tip. The crack tip may well be in a state close to plane strain, especially if side grooves are used, and this justifies the use of the plane strain modulus in calculations relating the stress intensity factor K and the J-integral J, i.e. J=K 2 /E´. However, the constraint for the bulk of the specimen, especially in tension-loaded specimens, is closer to plane stress than to plane strain. A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS he authors are grateful to the staff of CanmetMATERIALS, notably Dr. G. Shen, who performed the initial experiments and FEA calculations on which the SE(T) procedures in this paper are based, and D.-Y. Park who applied the procedures successfully under a variety of conditions. We are also grateful to the participants in the CANMET round robin for their diligence in applying the recommended procedure and for supporting the development of an SE(T) standard. R EFERENCES [1] Det Norske Veritas, Fracture control for pipeline installation methods introducing cyclic plastic strain, Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F108 (2006). [2] Shen, G., Gianetto, J. A., Tyson, W.R., Development of procedure for low-constraint toughness testing using a single- specimen technique, CANMET Report No. 2008-18(TR) (2008). [3] ExxonMobil, Measurement of crack-tip opening displacement(CTOD) fracture resistance curves using single-edge notched tension (SENT) specimens, ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, Houston (2010). [4] Barber, J.R., Elasticity , Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands (1992). [5] Cravero, S., Ruggieri, C., Estimation procedure of J-resistance curves for SE(T) fracture specimens using unloading compliance, Eng. Fracture Mech., 74 (2007) 2735-2757. T T