Issue 24

Y. Petrov et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 24 (2013) 112-118; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.24.12 113 In this paper we consider such "substitution effect" of strength of two materials in three cases: tests of two different materials; tests of mortar and concrete; tests of concrete under different environmental conditions. As experimental data we used the results of [2-5]. The theoretical analysis is based on the criterion of the incubation time of fracture [1, 6, 7]. This criterion provides correct transition between quasi-static and dynamic loadings. Introduction of the additional measured characteristic of strength (the incubation time) to the already known "quasi-static" parameter of strength (limit stress) allows us to build dependences of maximal fracture stress on a loading (deformation) rate without numerous experiments for any type and character of loading. T HE INCUBATION TIME CRITERION he criterion of fracture based on the concept of incubation time, proposed in [6-8], makes it possible to predict the unstable behaviour of the dynamic-strength characteristics observed in experiments on the dynamic fracture of solids. The fracture criterion can be written in the following general form: α ' ( ) 1 1 t ' c t F t dt F             (1) Here, F ( t ) is the intensity of the local force field causing the fracture (or structural transformation) of the medium, F c is the static limit of the local force field, and τ is the incubation time associated with the dynamics of the relaxation processes preceding the fracture. It actually characterizes the strain (stress) rate sensitivity of the material. The fracture time t* is defined as the time at which equality sign is reached in Eq. (1). The parameter α characterizes the sensitivity of the material to the intensity (amplitude) of the force field causing the fracture (or structural transformation). Often, α = 1 gives a good agreement with test data. One of the possible means of interpreting and determining the parameter  is proposed here on the example of the mechanical rupture of a material. Let us assume that a standard test specimen made of the material in question is subjected to tension and is broken into two parts under a stress P arising at a certain time t = 0: F ( t ) = PH ( t ), where H ( t ) is the Heaviside step function. In the case of quasi-brittle fracture, the material would unload, and the local stress at the break point would decrease rapidly ( but not instantaneously ) from P to 0. In this case, a corresponding unloading wave is generated which propagates over the sample and can be detected by standard (e.g., inter-ferometry) methods. The stress variation at the break point can be conditionally represented by the relation σ( t ) = P – Pf ( t ), where f ( t ) varies from 0 to 1 (Fig. 1) within a certain time interval T . Figure 1 : Schematic of fracture kinetics at the place of rupture. The case f ( t ) = H ( t ) corresponds to the classical strength theory. In other words, according to the classical approach, rupture occurs instantaneously ( T = 0). In practice, the rupture of a material (sample) is a process in time, and the function f ( t ) describes the micro- scale level kinetics of the transition from a conditionally defect-free state ( f (0) = 0) to a completely broken state at the given point f ( t* ) = 1 that can be associated with the macro-fracture event. On the other hand, application of the fracture criterion (1) to macro-level situation ( F ( t ) = PH ( t )), gives the time to fracture t* = T = τ at P = F c . In other words, the incubation time introduced above is equal to the duration of the fracture process after the stress in the material has reached the static strength on the given scale level [9]. This duration can be measured experimentally by statically fracturing the samples and controlling the rupture process by different possible methods, e.g., by measuring the time of T