Issue 51

B. Zaoui et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 51 (2020) 174-188; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.51.14 175 This difference weakens the adhesion between these two components and therefore promotes the initiation and propagation of fatigue microcracks. In fact, the fatigue sub-interfacial microcracks can be initiated in one of these two constituents, and their propagation leads to the ruin of the composite. The initiation of interface cracks may be due either to a poor mechanical attachment, or to the existence of internal shear stresses at the reinforcement-matrix interface. The level of these stresses and the energy of fiber-matrix adhesion, condition the composite rupture behavior. Added to commissioning stresses, these stresses (residual stresses) can be fatal for composites. Several works have been devoted to the analysis of the composite rupture behavior. Thus, Hahn Chooa and al [1], have shown that, in the case of Ni-Al metal matrix reinforced by unidirectionally Al 2 O 3 alumina fibers, the relaxation of the residual stress, induced during the cooling or heating of the material, depends on the elastic or plastic properties, creep and the volume fraction of the fibers. Abou Msallem [2], based on thermomechanical and thermokinetic models, they have evaluated the residual stresses using the finite element method (FEM), and they have used also, the elastic limit of the resin (Matrix) as a criterion for the residual stresses presence. An experimental approach based on the peel-layer method makes it possible to deduce these residual stresses by measuring the moments and the induced curvatures, the residual stresses through the thickness estimated by this method are compared with those calculated from a thermoelastic model and a variational approach. Sellam and al [3], using the finite element method (FEM), they have analyzed the crack growth and their interaction with the defects. They show that, the propagation in modes I and II in the composites depends on the cracks location and the defects nature .Using the same method (FEM), Metehri and al [4] have shown that the level and distribution of residual stresses, in polymer matrices, are closely related to the fiber-matrix, fiber-fiber and fiber-interphase interaction. Boutabout and al [5] they analyzed numerically also, by the finite element method (FEM), the residual stresses developed in the copper-alumina and zirconia-alumina composite materials, they showed that these stresses are closely related to the gap between thermal expansion coefficients of these two constituents. Put the interface in shear. Mecirdi and al [6] using the finite element method (FEM) have highlighted the areas, exposed to the damage risk by a residual stress, developed in the composite which consists of soda-lime matrix and Sic fiber. Wang and al [7] have shown that the extended finite element method (XFEM), is an effective modeling technique for analyzing the initiation and propagation of a crack in composites. A method for evaluating the initial and progressive failure of composite laminates was proposed by Chi-Seung and al [8], based on the damage criterion and that of Puck, respectively. These authors used the Puck damage criterion to analyze the crack initiation and propagation in the fiber and the matrix. This latter determines the predominant mode of composite failure, they also show that the presence of defects in the crack propagation direction accelerates its instability. Węglewski and al [9], they analyzed experimentally, by neutron diffraction and numerically by the finite element method (FEM), the effect of alumina particle size (Al 2 O 3 ) on the level of the residual stresses generated during the processing cooling of the temperature, by sintering the metal matrix composite (chromium) at ambient temperature after cooling the elaboration temperature, This study allowed the development of numerical model of microcracking, induced by the residual stresses allowing the prediction of the effective Young modulus of the damaged composite. Prabha and Sirinivasan [10], using the stresses generated in the fiber and matrix, from direct tests on these two individual materials, have analyzed the degradation of the fiber and the matrix separately, they show that the damage phenomenon is different in these two constituents. Jin and al [11] have shown that, the delamination leads to both, a drop in macroscopic elastic stiffness and the mechanical strength of composites, these authors also analyzed the effect of the inclusion size on the macroscopic behavior of composites, they conclude that the inclusions of important size minimize the risk of interface disbanding and reduce the damage threshold. Safarabadi [12], analyzed the factors responsible for the formation of the residual stresses in composites and their effects on the fiber and matrix properties, this author presented, in this study, the analytical, numerical and experimental methods for the prediction of thermal residual stresses. Mecirdi and al [13], have shown, using the finite element method (FEM), that the behavior of the matrix cracks depends on the fiber volume fraction, the fiber-matrix interaction, the crack-inclusion interactions, microcavity and interface cracks. Yi Zeng and al [14], used the finite element analysis, they showed that the presence of carbide in the C/C composites leads to a significant increase in residual stresses in the PyC near the carbide, which explains why this compound could modify the distribution and the level of these stresses in these composites. Zhenyi and al [15], proposed a multiscale model allowing the prediction of residual stresses developed during the process of hardening (polymerization) of the composites and the correlation of the residual stresses at the microscopic and macroscopic scale. they showed that, there is too great gap in the calculation of micro-residual stresses by introducing the multiscale model effect. Nelson and al [16] based on a simplified approach to residual stresses modeling in composites, they developed a model (modeling), the experimental results obtained on bimaterial type composites were used to validate the modeling, they conclude that the experimental results are in very good agreement with those obtained from the simulation approach. Zhang and al [17] taking into account oriented curved fibers and the rule of change of fiber angles and determining the residual stresses using abaqus, have proposed a mathematical model of stratified composites with variable rigidity for the residual stresses