Issue 36

R. H. Talemi, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 36 (2016) 151-159; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.36.15 152 approach of the XFEM-based cohesive segment technique to simulate dynamic brittle fracture of pipeline steel subjected to CVN loading conditions. In the present work, a 2D finite element model was developed to represent the actual practice of DWTT. To this end the XFEM-based cohesive segment technique was used to model dynamic brittle fracture behaviour of API X70 pipeline steel. After validation of the developed model against experimental observations, significant results from the simulation are presented and discussed. E XPERIMENTAL Material he material used in this research was API X70 grade CO 2 pipeline steel. The mechanical properties of the pipe were measured using round tensile bars with a diameter of 8 mm. To machine the tensile samples, a test plate was taken from the original pipe. All tests were carried out at different temperatures ranging from room temperature to -100°C under a low displacement rate of 0.036 mm/s. These data were subsequently used to determine the nominal and true stress–strain properties of the X70 steel grade. The average mechanical properties of X70 steel grade measured at room temperature (RT) are set out in Tab. 1. Temperature [°C] Yield strength [σ y , MPa] Young’s Modulus [E, GPa] 20 520 210 -100 760 210 Table 1 : Mechanical properties of steel X70 at room and sub-zero temperatures. DWTT DWTT is a material characterisation test aimed at avoiding brittle fracture and ensuring crack arrest in pipelines (seamless or welded). In a DWTT, the test specimen is a rectangular bar with a length of 305 mm, a width of 76 mm and of the full material thickness (up to at least 19 mm). The specimen has a shallow pressed notch and is subjected to three-point bending impact load, as shown in Fig. 1. The standards specify a 5 mm deep notch made by a sharp indenter with a 45° included angle resulting in a tip radius that is normally between 0.0127 to 0.0254 mm. Notch  Depth 5.1 [mm] Full pipe thickness 76 [mm] 254 [mm] V= 6.5 [m/s] Drop weight= 985 kg 2.19 [m] 305 [mm] Figure 1 : Dimensions of DWTT specimen along with the impact loading conditions. In this study thickness of 19 mm was used for DWTT specimen. A series of specimens are broken under impact loading at various temperatures and the proportions of ductile fracture (shear) and brittle fracture (cleavage) on the fracture surfaces are measured. From correlations with full-scale pipe burst tests, the transition temperature corresponding to about 85 percent shear is normally defined in application standards as the fracture propagation transition temperature. T