Issue 33

J.T.P. Castro et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 33 (2015) 97-104; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.33.13 98 behind the crack tip). Since too many variables can affect the FCG behavior under VAL, it is no surprise to still find controversy in the vast literature about this important subject. Many experts vigorously defend that Elber’s crack closure is the single or at least the dominant cause for all load order effects, whereas others simply deny that plasticity-induced crack closure may have any importance on FCG. Moreover, there are respectable arguments and even sound experimental data to justify such different points of view [2-6], sometimes sustained in a regrettably radical way. Anyway, it is an undisputable fact that cracks do not grow by fatigue through virgin material. Instead, they propagate by small growth steps that cut material previously deformed by the monotonic and reverse plastic zones pz and pz r that always follow their tips, leaving an envelope of residual strains around their faces. Moreover, as their uncracked residual ligaments normally remain elastic during most of their lives, fatigue cracks usually grow accompanied by pz r < pz << rl . According to Elber, plasticity-induced crack closure is caused by such elastic rl , which tend to compress the plastified envelopes that wrap fatigue cracks as they try to recover their previous shape when unloaded. So, when a crack closed by its rl is reloaded, it should first gradually relieve the compressive loads transmitted through its faces until it reaches its opening load K op > 0 . This behavior can be macroscopically detected by compliance measurements [7-9], see Fig. 1, although some modern 3D microtomography studies [10-11] question the existence of a clearly defined opening load. Figure 1 : Macroscopic fatigue crack opening load measurement from compliance plots that display the load P versus the load point displacement  (or vs. a suitable strain  , e.g. the back face strain, which is proportional to  in linear elastic components). Note that [P(  m )   m ]  m is the signal from the linearity subtractor, an interesting equipment described in [9], and that  m is the crack mouth displacement, which is also proportional to  P , the load point displacement. Using a highly simplified 2D view of the FCG problem and arguing that fatigue crack tips cannot be reloaded before they are completely opened, so that they cannot grow when still closed under loads K < K op , Elber defined an effective stress intensity factor (SIF) range that would be responsible for FCG:   K eff  K max  max(K op , K min )  K  K max  K min (1) Elber also assumed that  K eff (instead of  K ) controls FCG rates. If it really does so, then any load event that alters K op also affects subsequent FCG rates. In such cases, OL-induced FCG rate delays would be due to the larger reaction of elastic residual ligaments over the plastic zones hypertrophied by the overloads, pz OL , when compared to the rl reaction over the smaller pz that accompanies crack tips under normal loads (not affected by their previous histories). So, using simplified macroscopic 2D arguments, K op should increase when the crack penetrates pz OL , decreasing  K eff and delaying subsequent FCG rates. This plausible hypothesis can reasonably explain why FCG rates decrease after OLs, at least in plane stress ( pl-  ) cases. It can also explain the existence of FCG thresholds and why ULs can decrease the beneficial effects induced by OLs (they tend to reduce the tensile residual strains inside pz OL , hence to decrease K op and to increase  K eff ). Elber’s model is popular because it seems reasonable to assume that K op should increase after the crack tip penetrates pz OL , decreasing  K eff and delaying the crack. In this simplified 2D macroscopic point of view, the OL should first locally blunt the crack tip, decreasing K op and accelerating the crack before it penetrates pz OL . The maximum retardation should occur after the crack grows for a while after the OL, a phenomenon called delayed retardation. Moreover, as the residual strains inside pz OL decrease from the OL application point up to its boundary, OL-induced delay effects should decrease while the crack gradually crosses pz OL , and end after the plastic zone that follows the crack tip leaves it (assuming FCG under