Issue 24

S.V. Smirnov, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 24 (2013) 7-12; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.24.02 7 Special Issue: Russian Fracture Mechanics School The healing of damage after the plastic deformation of metals S.V. Smirnov Institute of Engineering Science, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences 34 Komsomolskaya st., Ekaterinburg, 620219, Russia. svs@imach.uran.ru A BSTRACT . The general regularities of damage healing during the annealing after cold deformation of metal materials are presented in this paper. In categories of damage mechanics the kinetic equations of damage healing during recovery and recrystallization are formulated. Diagrams of damage healing for some metal alloys are presented. The example of use of investigation results for optimization of industrial technology of pipes drawing is presented. K EYWORDS . Deformation damage; Metal forming; Fracture; Healing of damage; Prediction of fracture. I NTRODUCTION ccording to the current conception of metal physics, the fracture of metal materials is not a one-act catastrophic phenomenon, but a regular process of appearance and development of defects, which is in mechanics referred to as damage accumulation (plastic loosening, damageability, cracking, etc.). Pure brittle damage is possible only in metals with a large covalent component in the interatomic bond. The form and shape of defects, as well as the velocity of their propagation, depend on metal behaviour and thermomechanical loading conditions; however, the active role of plastic deformation is invariant here, and it reveals itself on the macro or micro scale. So the technological cold plastic deformation of metal (rolling die-forging, etc.) from the first stages is accompanied by microscopic defects of continuity. The development of damage with the accumulation of deformation can result in the appearance of macroscopic defects or even the division of the body under deformation into separate parts, i.e. in defective products: this is definitely inadmissible. Macroscopic defects can be revealed easily (external by visual observation, internal by an introscopy method), but correction is either impossible or requires that the defective bulk of the metal should be removed. One of the methods for avoiding macro-damage is multi-stage deformation, with intermediate annealing at the end of every stage, which provides metal softening and, above all, the restoration of metal plasticity (i.e. the ability of the metal to be deformed without fracture). The amount of deformation in a separate stage is established intuitively, proceeding from one's practical experience. To understand the technology of manufacturing cold-deformed products with annealing, it is necessary to give a mathematical description (within the above-mentioned model) of how the restoration of the reduction of micro-damage proceeds under annealing. As distinct from macro-defects, micro-discontinuities are harder to detect under service conditions. Industry lacks the means of checking micro-flaws, so, therefore all metal products have micro-flaws which can affect the efficiency of machine parts. It has been ascertained hat they influence fatigue life [1]. Therefore it is important to study the mechanisms of eliminating (or healing) micro-flaws, i.e. the mechanisms for the restoration of the margin of metal plasticity by heat treatment and the ways of making it more efficient. This is the subject matter of the present paper. A